Why Marshall Plan And The Berlin Airlift Blockade Important

Question: Portray the state of Europe after World War II. Answer: Presentation After World War II, Cold War came up as the greatest military and political pressure between the forces of Western and Eastern nations. The Western Bloc included United States and its NATO partners, while the Eastern part was the Soviet Union and its partners. The history specialists have not totally concurred on the timespan of Cold War, however it is considered during the time of 1947 till 1991. The term cold is related with this chronicled occasion on the grounds that there was enormous scope battle between the different sides. However, during that period there were numerous intermediary wars occurred in the territorial networks of both sides[1]. The Marshall Plan of the year 1947 and the Berlin Blockade in the year 1948 have been considered as noteworthy scenes in the advancement of Cold War. Notwithstanding, it is essential to comprehend the preconditions that made these two dubious issues as the key elements. The paper intends to discover the key entertainers that made Marshall Arrangement and Berlin Blockade as the central point answerable for the development of Cold War. State of Europe after World War II After the finish of Second World War, Europe was left in the crushed condition. There was a basic monetary defeat in Europe. A huge number of individuals had been slaughtered in the war, while a considerable lot of them were injured. The significant urban communities of Europe were demolished and it was in extraordinary need of monetary reform[2]. The war had influenced the horticulture and annihilation was high to such an extent that a considerable lot of the Europeans couldn't have enough food. The transportation framework and foundation were extraordinarily hurt, which prompted numerous problems.[3] The pulverization was broad in significant pieces of the landmass. There was shortage of food, crude material because of which creation was influenced. The issue of dislodged individuals and displaced people had additionally expanded. In Eastern Europe the triumph was commended, the landmass was in horrible state. A portion of the students of history accepted that Europe, however the entire world was influenced and different countries were likewise stressed over their security[4]. As per, Melvyn P. Leffker, the political, social and monetary dangers in the Europe were the purpose for the development of President Trumans Marshall Plan and was trailed by the Berlin Blockade[5]. The Marshall Plan As indicated by the history specialists and researchers, Berlin Blockade is viewed as the significant emergency brought about by the pressure of Cold War. The reference of this could be found in progress of Louis Halle and George Kennan. Anyway it is doubtful that strain between both the nations had diminished in the year 1945.[6] The dread of communalism was declined in Europe after World War II. The socialist gatherings were picking up notoriety in the Western Europe and it was accepted that if day to day environments are not improved, socialist pioneers will be elected[7]. This was the circumstance, which frightened the Americans, who needed to spare themselves from the danger of socialism. Along these lines in June 1947 the arrangement to assist Europe with rebuilding was declared. Marshall Plan was intended to help the war-torn Europe to revamp itself. This arrangement was actualized in the year 1948 till 1951. The sixteen European nations were supported through Marshall Plan; this was done so as to help the nations financially so they can defeat from the decimation of war. Authoritatively, this arrangement was called as ERP, which implies European Recovery Plan.[8] This program was named after the United States Secretary of States George C. Marshall, as he had assumed a significant job in framing this arrangement. George F. Kennan likewise assumed an essential job in instrumentation of this program[9]. Thirteen million dollars were given to Europe under Marshall Law. The guide was given as food supplies, apparatus, energizes and different necessities. The most generous measure of help was given to France, Great Britain and West Germany. It could likewise be said that France and Great Britain were the nearest partners of America during the war and consequently America needed to make these nations prosperous[10]. The proposal of Marshall Plan was open for Eastern European countries and USSR, however it was dismissed by Stalin expressing that this guide was politically propelled. Stalin accepted that America is attempting to win individuals, who live in Soviet circle with the goal that those individuals will bolster the Western bloc[11]. Marshall Plan helped in quick recuperation of Europe[12]. What's more, in limited ability to focus time the expectations for everyday comforts of individuals had been improved with destruction of outrageous destitution. The Marshall Plan was effective in lessening the impact of Communist gatherings in the Western Europe.[13] The Soviet Union was disappointed and considered it as the counter socialist move by America. Consequently, Marshall Plan made pressure among East and West and world was convinced with the new political conflict among America and Soviet Union. Along these lines, Marshall Plan made the Cold War a reality for the individuals of both the coun tries.[14] Another significant occasion that prompted strain among East and West was the utilization of nuclear bomb over Nagasaki and Hiroshima. This occasion separated the rest of the relations between Soviet Union and United States. In this manner Marshal Plan had assumed a significant job in the development of cold war. The Truman Doctrine likewise expanded the disturbance between both the forces. This precept expressed that America should bolster the nations and government, which are non-socialist and confronting assaults by the socialist developments under their limits or are under the danger of being attacked by the socialist countries.[15] This was considered as the intermediary war against Soviet Union. Under Truman Doctrine the guide of 400 billion dollars was given to Greece and Turkey. This cash significantly helped the Greek government to battle against the socialist revolutionaries and furthermore filled in as notice sing for the Soviet Union to avoid Turkey. American legislative issues and connection with USSR were profoundly influenced because of Marshall Law followed by Truman Doctrine and the battle stayed between two nations for 40 long periods of Cold War. The craving behind the Marshall Plan was to kill socialism from the Eastern Europe in light of the fact that the entrepreneur West accepted that destruction of Europe pos World War II would be the advantage for the USSR to make its extension.[16] Berlin Blockade The Germany was partitioned between the Western partners and Soviet Union, same way the city of Berlin was additionally isolated. The Eastern portion of the Berlin was heavily influenced by Soviet Union, while Western half was constrained by French, British and Americans. The city of Berlin was under the Soviet portion of Germany, in this way the associated controlled pieces of the city were totally cut off. So as to have the whole Berlin under their influence, the Soviet force began hauling the American powers out of their territory[17]. In the June 1948, the Soviets began obstructing the Western partners by confining channels, streets, railroad, and traffic between the western and the eastern segments of Berlin.[18] The food shipments were additionally halted and power of Western Berlin was cut off. Because of this circumstance, the Western Berlin was getting confined. This circumstance was called as Berlin Blockade. The circumstance of the individuals in Western Berlin turned out to be exceptionally horrible as they had no entrance to the outside world. The Soviet Union set forward the condition, that they would evacuate the barricade, if the Western partners would pulled back the recently shaped Deutsche mark from the West Berlin.[19] The individuals even expected that this circumstance will prompt World War III. At the point when all the endeavors of strategy neglected to give any indications of progress, United States composed another arrangement, which was called as Berlin transport. The Western partners sent plans conveying food supplies and different things to the individuals in Western Berlin. Around 200,000 flights were flown in one year to flexibly food and fuel to the people[20]. In excess of 700 airplanes were utilized during the airdrop. The Soviets didn't hinder between the transports, as they expected that this will prompt open war between the two forces. In this way, as per the Western partners, transporting was the most ideal approach to contradict the Berlin Blockade.[21] In this manner Berlin Blockade additionally became n significant factor in the advancement of cold war among America and Soviet Union. After the World War II, Berlin Blockade was considered as the main significant emergency that cleared the way for the Cold War. This emergency was the aftereffect of occupation strategies between Soviet Union and America[22]. Toward the finish of the Second World War, the eventual fate of Germany was in peril because of the division. The choice of division of the zones of occupation was the main noteworthy decision as indicated by wartime arranging. Considerably after the finish of War, the issue of Germany was not settled and was not successfully expressed in the Potsdam Conference in the year 1945. There was no dependability and unwavering quality among the pioneers of Britain and America. The aftereffects of word related strategy were likewise not predicted. The number of inhabitants in more than two billion individuals in Berlin was separated between the four occupation zones. The individuals confronted significant obliteration; with united besieging, the city was transformed into ruins and financial existence of individuals was under the dim shadow[23]. All things considered, got up to speed in such circumstance, Berlin assumed a significant job in the battle against Soviet Union. Soviets had the danger that there economy may fall and in this way they did the Blockade. Stalin accepted that by holding onto the authority over the Western associated Berlin they could ensure themselves.[24] In this manner, the three significant reasons that brought about the Berlin Blocked were the making of Marshall Plan for the remaking of the demolished Europe, The gathering of London in spring and winter of 1948 and London program that required the money change in West Germany.[25] The bar had expanded the strain between the two forces. Barricade was at long last finished by the Soviets in the

Athenian Artistic Performances Were They a Form of Propaganda Essay

The â€Å"glory that was Greece† arrived at its stature in fifth century BCE in Athens, under the administration of Pericles. He opened Athenian majority rule government to the customary resident, was liable for the development of brilliant sanctuaries and sculptures on the Acropolis and he, in actuality made the Athenian realm. The meaning of promulgation is â€Å"the arranged utilization of any type of open or mass-created correspondence intended to influence the brains of a given gathering for a particular reason, regardless of whether military, monetary or political† (Linearger, p. 39, 1954). This has undertones of unscrupulousness and keeping in mind that individuals expect it is an advanced marvel, its foundations return a lot further. The inquiry is nonetheless, was purposeful publicity overflowing in fifth century BCE Athens and provided that this is true, was it the main thrust whether unequivocally or not behind a considerable lot of the open presentations? A burial service address or epitaphios logos is an official discourse conveyed at a memorial service. The epitaphios is viewed as a for all intents and purposes one of a kind Athenian idea, albeit early components of such talks exist in the Epic verse of Homer and in Lyric verse of Pindar; what's more present day matches have been drawn between Lincoln’s Gettysburg address and Pericles. At the point when Pericles gave the epitaphios for Athenian warriors who had been slaughtered in the principal year of the Peloponnesian War. He accepted the open door to commend the perished, however Athens itself, in a speech which has been both adulated as cherishing the original fair framework and censured as undeniable purposeful publicity. In Thucydides’ book History of the Peloponnesian War, Pericles’ Funeral Oration is an incredible explanatory piece. Furthermore it is significant proof for the investigation of the Athenian feeling of personality and the manner in which they spoke to themselves as well as other people. It smoothly talks about the antiquated majority rule model and the image it depicts fills in as a model for equitable states today (Abbott, 1970). Thucydides determined a man would be picked to make a ‘appropriate speech’ I. e. it coordinated standard remedies of the epitaphios, which as indicated by Edinger, â€Å"consisted of various perceived subjects: recognition of the dead, commendation of the predecessors, commendation of the city, reassurance of the groups of the dead.

HR Hiring and retention Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

HR Hiring and maintenance - Term Paper Example stake that a business can make is to leave a vocation opening abandoned as the individual in question keeps on trusting that the ideal individual will in the end be found to fill in this position. In all actuality, the best applicants in the activity showcase secure positions openings inside a brief timeframe and along these lines won't be heading off to various meetings, as they will handily make sure about the occupations they need without experiencing various meetings. It is critical to take note of that there are numerous others with a capacity to fill the position and may even fit into the organization in a superior manner than the apparent immaculate applicant may. During the time spent recruiting supervisors likewise need to maintain a severe spending plan and this implies there is an opportunity the ideal won't concur with the terms, in any case, this doesn't infer that chiefs ought to in this way settle for workers with lower capabilities. Rather, they ought to stay function al during the time spent looking for the most appropriate representative. Chasing for the best worker includes various advances that will guarantee that the procedure of enrollment and employing is done at the top level. One of the means includes building up a recruiting methodology , which whether or not all the positions are full at the present, must be distinguished so as to know the way wherein the future representatives will be found with the goal that the procedure can be smooth. A decent business ought to consistently know about the manner in which it will look for possibility to fill positions and this implies it should concoct an arrangement that will be set up if an opportunity emerges. Another progression includes concentrating more on preparing, as through preparing the laborers in the suitable way, the organization won't need to stress over the enlistment of up-and-comers later on since the greater part of the workers will be held at the organization. The laborers will likewise be more joyful and increasingly propelled when they have a decent comprehension of the exercises they should embrace and how they increment the efficiency of the

Dawry System - Free Essay Example

†¢Dowry is a social evil. Dowry system has been prevaling in all communities of India. It is an age old custom that is followed in India. When a boy is getting married to a girl the parents of the boy fix a certain amount of cash and gold to be given by the girls parents. In olden days there was no demand from the boys side. The girls parents used to give some amount to the boys parents as gift. Later it became a habit to demand dowry. The brides parents struggle to arrange for cash. If dowry is not given the bride is harassed by the in-laws and their relatives. The grooms resort to beating and mental torture on the bride. The institution of marriage which is supposed to be very sacred turned out to be a trade of men by the parents. The more educated the boy is the more the dowry is demanded. Apart from cash,gold and other house hold articles are demanded. In some countries in the ancient times the groom only had to bring certain no: horses to give to brides father then only he was allowed th marry the girl. The kings in India used to give dowry only for the sake of prestage. There was no greed from the grooms side also. Ladies were respected though they were confined to the four walls. Later the attitude changed and people were overcome by greed. Dowry is also one of the reason for gender discrimination. If a girl is born the father almost has a heart attack. The population also increased in our grand fathers times. They used to give birth to so many children waiting for a boy to be born. In some communities the girl child was abandoned or even killed. With the development of science female infenticides began. Some people resort to abort the girl child. Now a days even the educated boys who are settled abraod are harrasing their wifes for more dowry. The bride who goes with dreams of happy life suffer in an unknowm coutry. This is really a shameful situation. The girl who is brave walks out of such situations. In some cases cheating also takes pl ace. The boy gets married in another country with out his parents knowledge. For sake of dowry he come to india and marry again and abandon the girl. The parents should be careful while giving their daughters to NRIs We read many cases of girls commiting suicide and being killed by the inlaws for the sake of dowry. How can people be so unkind to resort to such henoius crime of murdering? Some of the freedom fighters have tried to abolish dowry system but still it is continuing. Previously since the girls were not having the right to property the father used to give a part of his property as dowry. Now the girls are having equal rights on her parents property and are highly educated and are earning equally like men. Women have become financially independent. But the dowry system is not abolished completely though it has become less. Measures should be taken to abolish dowry system 1. Anti dowry laws should be made stringent. 2. The boys should be brain washed at an young age it sself against dowry. 3. There should be group discussions about it in colleges 4. The boys should take the initiative by telling their parents not to demand 5. Girls should refuse to marry if dowry is demamded. 6. Intercaste marriages should be encouraged. 7. The girl should be strong enough to walk out if she is haressed. 8. Action should be taken on in-laws who are harassing. Skip to Navigation †¢Skip to Content

New Hampshire Colleges SAT ACT Scores for Admission

Evaluate the Output of the Process and the Quality Gateways

Module: Financial Management and Control Unit: Sources of Finance and Costing Concepts Lesson: Long-Term Sources of Finance  © Resource Development International Ltd. (RDI) 2009 Long-Term Sources of Finance Introduction Page 1 of 7 Accounting is an essential function in any business - whether it is a sole trader or a multinational corporation. It involves two key concepts: Bookkeeping - where a detailed recording process is used to identify every financial transaction that takes place involving an organisation. This is a painstaking process requiring an excellent eye for detail, and measures the financial effects of economic activity. Financial reporting - where details of the financial activities of an organisation are†¦show more content†¦ The above involves participation in management to ensure that there is effective formulation of plans to meet objectives (strategic planning); formulating of short-term operation plans (budgeting/profit planning); acquisition and use of finance (financial management) and recording of transactions (financial accounting and cost accounting); communication of financial and operating information; corrective action to bring plans and results into line (financial contrit e; reviewing and reporting on systems and operations (internal audit management audit). The next section discussed the competitive environment for which the management accountant provides information. End of Page 1  © Resource Development International Ltd. (RDI) 2009 Long-Term Sources of Finance Page 2 of 7 Every organisation will need to have an adequate amount of financial strength to carry out the activities that form the business operations. The sources of such funding are discussed in detail in this lesson, but before embarking on the discussions consider the different types of funding that a selection of organisations might require. Think about some different types of organisations. What would be their key sources for funding? To what purposes would this funding be put? Do youShow MoreRelatedAssignments: Managing Business Activities to Achieve Results1060 Words   |  5 Pagesimprove their effectiveness and efficiency and achieve the desired results for the business. 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Good Faith And Best Interest Of The Company †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Good Faith And Best Interest Of The Company. Answer: Introduction The subject matter of the present case is to define the term good faith and best interest of the company and the relationship between the best interest of the company and in the interest of the company as a whole. The Corporation Act of 2001 in Australia deals with the subject matter or any case related to the company or the corporation. In the present case, there are three terms used, such as good faith, best interest of the company and in the interest of a company as a whole (Anderson 2014). The terms are interconnected with each other that are based on the duty of a director of a company. Under the Corporation Act 2001, it has been stated that every directors has certain duties towards the shareholders and as well as the other stakeholders and they should be maintained good faith while performing their job (Barker, Barton and Fagan 2016). Therefore, it can be observed that, it is the primary duty of the director of a company to act in good faith for the best interest of the compan y as well as in the interest of the company as a whole. The objective of the act is to secure the interest of the shareholders and so that the companys future becomes prosperous. It is true that the terms are interconnected to each other but there are certain differences can be observed regarding the best interest of the company and in the interest of the company as a whole (Bolimos, Bolimos and Choo 2017). Good faith The term good faith means to do some job or work sincerely. Under the Corporation Act the term good faith denotes to identify the acts of the director in the course of their duties. Under the purview of Corporation Act 2001, two section 181 and section 184 deal with the term good faith. In every company directors plays an important role, grab an important position for the management of the company in a better way, and work in that way for the betterment of the company (Brown and Lawrence 2017). It is the primary duty of a director to look into the matter responsibly and to make a connection between the company and the stakeholders. Stakeholders consist of certain kinds of persons without whom the company cannot be incorporated or cannot be continued its duties (Chia and Ramsay 2016). It can be stated that if the director of a company does not work in good faith, there can be certain contradictions happen regarding the procedure of the company and the primary objective of the Act cannot be fulfilled. The director should keep in mind that he must perform his duties on the basis of the interest of the company and shareholders. Law to secure his own interest without securing the interest of the company bars him (Dixon 2016). The principle of good faith is based on the principle of equity. Under the Corporation Act 2001, there are certain fiduciary duties and certain statutory duties present and it is the duty of every director to act on the basis (Hannigan 2015). By fiduciary duties it is meant, something that is related to the trust and the term is connected and/ or must regarding the person posted in an important place. The term good faith is used to denote the performance of the companys director so that they can maintain honesty in the job environment. From the definition, it can be clarified that what are the importance of a director in a company. The directors of a company are represented themselves as a governing body as the executive head of the company (Hiller 2013). It has been stated under section 180 of the Corporation Act that every director of a company should act diligently and must show certain care to the shareholders of the company. It is the primary object of the director of the company to act in good faith and the relevant provisions of the same as discussed under section 181 of the Corporation Act 2001. It has been stated under the section that there are certain mandatory duties for the director of a company and one of such duty is to act in good faith. It has been stated earlier that the director of the company holds an important position in the administration of the company and therefore if the directors have failed to make them trustworthy, then the future of the company can be affected at large (Mills 2014). The primary objective of section 184 Corporation Act is to secure the interest of the company and therefore if there is any breach regarding the good faith by the director of the company has been observed and allegation brought against the director of a company, he shall be liable to face the relevant provisions of law regarding the breach. There is another provision under the Corporation Act 2001 that is mentioned under section 184. This section is quite different than the section 181 of the Corporation Act to certain extent (Nicholls, Donald and Liu 2015). The term good faith has been defined under section 181 of the Corporation Act, where section 184 of the Corporation Act deals with the criminal breaches made by the director regarding the term good faith. Certain penalties or also imposed on the directors if the allegations made against the direc tors of the company regarding the good faith has been proved or has been supported by the evidences. A director can violate the position of good faith in case where they will be failed to perform their duties sincerely and certain reckless acts done by the directors during the course of their employment (Riaz, Ray and Ray 2015). In ASIC v Adler (2002), it was held that it is the duty of the director to act diligently and in good faith with the shareholders of the company. Under the scenario of the case, a non executive director of a company has both certain shares regarding the insurance company and with an intention to cheat or deceive the company and tried to proceed with the same ulterior motive. It has been observed that Adler was not disclose all the relevant facts to the shareholders and his colleagues including the other directors of the company and therefore held liable under the provision of the section 181 of the Corporation Act regarding violation of the position of good faith. In ASIC v Macro Realty Developments Pty Ltd (2016) it has been observed that the fiduciary duties of a director has been violated by the development company and therefore help liable under section 181 of the Corporation Act 2001. Best interest of the company The term best interest of the company stands on the interest of the shareholders. It is no doubt that the shareholders of a company are playing an important role in the administration of the company. The economic backbone of the company is very much dependent on the sets of the shareholders on certain circumstances. Shareholders are buying the share of a company and hence they help the Company to gain liquid cash. Being holding a fiduciary position it is that the duty of a director to act for the benefit of the shareholders and to secure the interest of the shareholders. Except the investment every shareholder of a company and holding certain important places regarding the appointment of the director and regarding the participation in the Annual General Meeting of the company. The Corporation Act 2001 was enacted to secure the interest of the company as well as the interest of the shareholders. It helps to give security to the shareholders from the arbitrary acts of the directors. Care intelligence at the most important thing for the directors of a company while communicated to the shareholders. The provision regarding the section 180 of the Corporation Act states about the care and diligence of the director of a company. In ASIC v Cassimetes, it has been held at the director of certain duty towards the shareholders and act for the interest of the shareholders as a whole. The Directors are stopped by the Corporation Act to receive the shareholders of a company of to snatch away the basic right of the shareholders. In this case the directors of the storm company have projected a business model and announced the shareholders of the investors to invest their money into the project 2 on a lump sum amount after the maturity of the period. The director of the co mpany had failed to make the investors aware about the risk of the investment and after financial break down, all the invested money had lost. Therefore, there is a clear laxity regarding the interest of the shareholders have been observed in this case. Director of a company should have the intention to work in such a manner so that the acts can be resulted in the prosperity of the company and should have some intentions to work positively. In a company, directors are holding such important position and therefore it can be said that the directors of a company have certain fiduciary duties to be performed during the course of their business. The law has prescribed certain provisions on the fiduciary duties and it is stated under the act that the directors should be performed their duties or the fiduciary duties honestly (Hiller 2013). From this aspect, it is their responsibility to deal with the shareholders with due diligence. In Sharp Ors. v Blank and Ors. (2015), it was observed by the court that every director should be loyal when acting with the shareholders of the company and have to provide relevant information regarding any kind of works. In Starlink International Group v Coles Super market, it was a list against the supermarket that a contract have been signed in between the company and the supermarket and afterwards the contract, the Supermarket head terminated all the provisions of the contract without maintain the relevant provisions to this aspect. Therefore, a case was filed against the supermarket and the court ordered that the supermarket has failed to show any evidences regarding the diligence performed by the supermarket regarding the contract. Best interest of the company: The second question of this paper is based on the differences between the best interest of the company and in the interest of the company as a whole and through this chapter, it has been mentioned in a detailed way. It is clear from the previous answer that the time best interest of the company is interconnected with the interest of the shareholders of the company. It is an obligation to the directors of the company to act in good faith regarding the shareholders and penalties are provided in the provision of the Corporation Act if any breach has happened by the directors to this respect. In Hutton v Wester Cork Railway Co. (1883), it was observed that the director of a company hold certain fiduciary positions and therefore it is their ability to act for the interest of the shareholders (Tills and Wills 2016). It is of no doubt that the shareholders of the company hold certain important position in the company and there's interest should be secured by the directors as they hold certain fiduciary position in the company. In the profession of Australia, shareholders are playing an important role regarding the administration of the company. Therefore, it is there right to get certain benefits so that there interest can be secured and it is the duty of the director of the company to disclose all the relevant facts and matters to facilitate the process of securing the interest. In the interest as a whole The term interest of the company as a whole is not limited to the shareholders of the company only, but it means the interest of the company as a whole. In every company the administration of the executive works are performed by the stakeholders that include the director also. Therefore, it can be said that the administrative over the executive duties of a company is depended all the acts of the stakeholders. In Aberdeen Ry. V Blaikie(1854), it was observed that a director of a company has to show interest for the stakeholders as a whole and should not be Limited after certain categories of the stakeholders. Relationship between the two terms: It can be observed that a company is a separate legal entity through different case laws. It has also been mentioned that the stakeholders are the part of it and the company cannot make any steps or move without the directors and the other stakeholders. Sometimes, it can be seen that the directors are also included under the definition of the stakeholders. The directors are represented the company in various occasions and therefore it is the duty to act in good faith or to act diligently. Under the Corporation Act there are certain provisions dealing with the acts of the directors and regarding the breach in the directors duties (Li 2014). In Salomon v Salomon (1897), it can be stated that a company is a separate legal entity and therefore it is the duty of the director of a company to act for the interest of the company and not to the interests of the specific person of the company (Viven-Wilksch 2015). It is a historical case regarding the company act and the principle of lifting the corporate veil has been raised from the case. In Sharp v Blank others, certain contradictory profession was made as against the case of Solomon. In this case, it was observed by the court that share holders at the part of the company and company is not separate from the shareholders or the stakeholders. The principle of interest of the company as a whole has been established in this case and it was held by the court that the director of a company should act by maintaining the following principles laid down under the previous case (Welsh 2014). In Perceval v Wright (1902), an allegation against the director has been made and it was stated that he had failed to provide sufficient interest to the company while performing his duties. The presiding officer of the case was point out certain relevant provisions regarding the apps of the detector and stated that the primary object of a director is to secure the interest of the company and the interest of the shareholders at the secondary object. From the above statement, it is to be stated that there is a difference between the two terms. By best interest of the company, it means for the interest of the shareholders and in the interest of the company as a whole means for the interest of the company only. In the later part, it is to be observed from the various decisions of the court that company is a separate legal entity and shareholders are just a part of it (Whincop 2017). It is to be stated that the director of a company should have to take personal care to the company only and not to the shareholders. Therefore, it can be stated that the two terms are contradictory in nature. However, both the terms are inter-related to each other as both the terms are connected to the interest of the company. Conclusion Therefore, it is cleared from the above mentioned discussion that all the three terms of this case that is the good faith, best interest of the company and in the interest of the company as a whole is interconnected to each other. There is a prolonged study about the directors duties and responsibilities towards the company and the shareholders has been discussed in this paper. All the relevant principles of law as well as a profession of the Corporation Act 2001 have been discussed in this paper. The contradiction between the best interest of the company and in the interest of the company as a whole is still remain unsolved. There are different notions about the same has been taken place in different cases. How work the main outcome of the paper is that director is holds certain fiduciary position in the management of the company and he has to secure the interests of the company as well as the interests of the shareholders during the performance of his duty. References: Aberdeen Ry. V Blaikie (1854) UKHL 1 Anderson, H., 2014. Directors' Liability for Fraudulent Phoenix ActivityA Comparison of the Australian and UK Approaches.Journal of Corporate Law Studies,14(1), pp.139-173. ASIC v Adler (2002) NSWSC 171 ASIC v Casemates [2016] FCA 1023 ASIC v Macro Realty Developments Pty Ltd (2016) FCA 292 Barker, S., Baker-Jones, M., Barton, E. and Fagan, E., 2016. Climate change and the fiduciary duties of pension fund trusteeslessons from the Australian law.Journal of Sustainable Finance Investment,6(3), pp.211-244. Bolimos, I.A., Bolimos, I.A., Choo, K.K.R. and Choo, K.K.R., 2017. Online fraud offending within an Australian jurisdiction.Journal of Financial Crime,24(2), pp.277-308. Brown, A.J. and Lawrence, S.A., 2017. STRENGTH OF ORGANISATIONAL WHISTLEBLOWING PROCESSESANALYSIS FROM AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND. Chia, H.X. and Ramsay, I., 2016. An Analysis of Shareholder Resolutions Involving Australian Listed Companies from 2004 to 2013. de Melo Bandeira, G.C.S., 2013. Corruption and social and economic criminal law: Criminology, criminal policy, political science and law economicsA new idea about criminal liability of legal entities.Tkhne,11(2), pp.105-113. Dixon, O., 2016. Honesty without Fear-Whistleblower Anti-Retaliation Protections in Corporate Codes of Conduct.Melb. UL Rev.,40, p.168. Hannigan, B., 2015.Company law. Oxford University Press, USA. Hiller, J.S., 2013. The benefit corporation and corporate social responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,118(2), pp.287-301. Hiller, J.S., 2013. The benefit corporation and corporate social responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,118(2), pp.287-301. Huggins, A., Simnett, R. and Hargovan, A., 2015. Integrated reporting and directors concerns about personal liability exposure: Law reform options.Company and Securities Law Journal,33, pp.176-195. Hutton v Wester Cork Railway Co. (1883)23 Ch D 654 Li, Y., 2014. The impact of corporate governance on the corporate social responsibility of small corporation in australia: a structural equation modeling approach. InWEI International Academic Conference Proceeding, New Orleans, USA. Mills, C.W., 2014.The racial contract. Cornell University Press. Nicholls, R., Donald, M.S. and Liu, K., 2015. It's a Small World after All: Using Social Network Analysis to Investigate Systemic Risk in the Australian Superannuation Sector. Percival v Wright [1902] 2 Ch. 401 Riaz, Z., Ray, S. and Ray, P.K., 2015. Collibration as an alternative regulatory mechanism to govern the disclosure of director and executive remuneration in Australia.International Journal of Corporate Governance,6(2-4), pp.241-274. Salomon v Salomon Co. Ltd (1897) AC 22 Sharp Ors. V Blank and Ors. (2015) EWHC 3220 (Ch) Starlink International GroupPty Ltdv Coles SupermarketsAustralia Pty Ltd Anor [2011] NSWSC 1154 Tills, M. and Wills, C., 2016. Corporate law: Directors found guilty of breaching duties following corporation's breaches.Governance Directions,68(10), p.624. Viven-Wilksch, J., 2015. The adventures of good faith: can legal history and international developments provide guidelines for Australia?.Alternative Law Journal,40(2), pp.89-92. Welsh, M., 2014. Realising the public potential of corporate law: Twenty years of civil penalty enforcement in Australia.Fed. L. Rev.,42, p.217. Whincop, M.J., 2017.Corporate governance in government corporations. Routledge.

Sex in Advertising free essay sample

Firebombed and Fitch will be investigated to see how their designers negotiate ethical issues within an industry. Sex in advertising is most commonly used in image-based products such as alcohol, cigars, fragrance, cosmetics and fashion (Koran, 2006, p. 2). Koran also maintains that the main target audiences for sex in advertising are twelve to seventeen year olds because of their increasing disposable incomes and their curiosity towards sex. This target audience raises concerns of whether it is ethical to be associating sex with a product that young people will see and potentially buy.A common idea is that sex in advertising does catch the viewers attention but often brand recognition is sacrificed (Blair, Stephenson, Hill, and Green, 2006, p. 109). Severe, Belch and Belch (1990, p. 14-22) came out a study, which found sex in advertising detracted the viewers processing of the message and ability to remember the brand. However, Deflating (2006) disagrees with this study. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex in Advertising or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He believes sex does sell as our fundamental instincts take over when we are presented with sex in advertising.From this one can assume, according to Deflating, there are no ethical implications with signers using sex in advertising, as it is a natural aspect of life and therefore expected rather than shocking. In contrast to Defaulters claims Cyberpunks (2000) points out that The flaw in the sex sells theory is that sex does not sell. Sexiness sells. (p. 14). With regard to the Victorians Secret advertisement (see fig. 1) it is clear that the idea of being sexy can sell. The model, although naked, is tastefully covered. The designer Of this advert has considered the ethical implications of the consumers. This advertisement has sex appeal but with the coverage of the model the brand name can still be recognized and remarkable. The viewer is not bombarded with explicit sexual material therefore the designer has successfully negotiated the ethics of sex in advertising in accordance of what consumers feel is ethical. Consumer response is vital when it comes to ethical implications however one must also look into the designers mind whilst they are creating advertisements of a sexual nature. Bird and Waters (1 989, p. 75) conducted an experiment to determine whether or not designers ire considering the ethical implications of their work.They came up with a classification, moral muteness, which summarizes the designers who did not present moral once in their work. Moral muteness meant that ethics were rarely discussed in the design process. The fact that there is a classification tells us there are a high number of designers who are not thinking about the ethical implications of their work. Branding expert Lee Newman expresses his opinion on why this might be when discussing if he would work with an unethical client, If was financially secure, and if felt strongly about it, no, I wouldnt take the client. If I wasnt busy and needed the money, I would think about it Thin reason (Airy, 2007). It is clear that finance is a crucial element to whether or not ethical implications are negotiated. With this theory in mind the essay will now see if corporate companies within industry are considering ethical implications. Victorians Secret is one of Americas biggest lingerie brands in the fashion industry and actively uses sex in their advertising successfully. As a result of their use of sex in advertising within two years Victorians Secret went from being ranked twenty sixth to ninth amongst the most recognizable brands (Richter, 2003, p. 90). Ethical implications for various Victorians Secret advertisements have not always been thought about as evidence shows that The Wall Street Journal have turned down their adverts for being too sexually orientated (Richter, 2003, p. 194). However, elements of ethical implications are being considered by designer Victor Angled in the 2012 Victorians Secret CRY campaign (see fig. 2). Although the advertisements imply nudity the models are covered by the CRY code thus complying with the ethical concerns of many consumers who disagree with nudity being shown in public.Angled gives the viewer an opportunity to reveal what is under the CRY code by scanning it, making it so the viewer controls how much or little of the advert hey want to see. This is a successful negotiation of ethical implications as power is given to the consumer to make their own choices. In comparison to Victorians Secret designer Victor Angled, the Calvin Klein designers in the fragrance industry are not so sympathetic to the ethical implications of their advertisements. As Bird and Waters (1989) would describe, the Calvin Klein designers suffer from moral muteness.Calvin Kelvins erotic advertisements are producing over five billion dollars of retail sales annually, once again proving that sex does sell (Richter, 2003, p. 33). Blair et al. 2006, p. 114) make a valid point that it is the advertising agencies that should take responsibility and control ethics involved with sex in advertising. The major concern from this statement is that all of Calvin Kelvins advertising is done through an internal company called CRY Advertising, meaning that the company controls the advertising not an external agency (James, 2009).Thus, there is no barrier that assures ethical implications are being adhered to. This is clearly evident in their fragrance advertisement (see fig. 3). The woman in the advertisement is naked and has been shot in a suggestive position. It is no wonder that Calvin Klein has been credited by feminists and the Women Against Pornography as objectifying and exploiting women (Richter, 2003; Richter and Lambdas, 2003). Designers here seem to be following Scott and Batters (2003, p. 5) theory that people can cope with this style of advertising if they are aware that most images are digitally enhanced. Chine et al. 2004) disagrees with this point and questions whether it is ethical to play off of peoples insecurities to sell a product. They also go on to say that those who are more likely to buy the products are insecure and use the product as a confidence boost to appear sexier. The evidence here suggests that Calvin Klein designers are not negotiating with the issue of ethical implications; instead they are manipulating their consumers for their own financial gain. Firebombed and Fitch is another brand that heavily utilizes sex in advertising and do not always consider the ethical implications of their work.The company changed from selling fishing gear to sexy apparel in the sasss successfully due to their provocative marketing campaigns (Richter, 2003, p. 31 Perhaps one Of their only campaigns that show the designers ethical incinerations is the Quarterly (see fig. 4), which is a three hundred page promotional magazine that features nude or semi-nude models (Richter, 2003, p. 231). The publication is restricted to persons over the age of eighteen showing that the designers have limited the audience of the magazine to people who are of an age where they can choose what they read.This is a clever tactic for the designers as they have negotiated the issue of ethical implications in this instance by offering a choice, much like the Victorians Secret campaign. However, Firebombed and Fitch have many public advertisements that are controversial (see fig. ). The billboard features a man of a muscular build pulling his jeans down. His head is cropped out, clearly objectifying the man as an ideal. Obviously ethical implications have not been thought about here as this billboard is exposed to the public, including children and young teenagers. The billboard impacts the societal views of youth as they see a muscular man and aspire to be him or be with him (Johan, 2001 p. 324). Koran (2006) describes the affects of this sort of advertising saying that it can stunt the growth of young men as they begin lifting weights too early in life in an attempt to be as muscular as the models hey see. One could conclude that Firebombed and Fitch do negotiate the ethical implications of their work in instances but it is rarely evident in most campaigns.After examining the work of various designers who use sex in advertising it is clear that the negotiation of ethical issues is not deemed essential in most advertisements. Although some designers such as Victor Angled have shown that ethical implications are being considered, the works of Calvin Klein and Firebombed and Fitch outweigh this with their objectification of men and women. In summary it is clear that sex does sell to consumers so it s expected that this style of advertising will continue to be used and regularly seen by the public.

Free Essays on Thucydides- Human Nature

Thucydides’ history teaches us that human nature does not change, but may be overcome with reason. He proves the statement history is doomed to repeat itself true. He presents his thoughts of human nature throughout his account of the Peloponnesian War, many of which run parallel with other events that happened hundreds of years after his death. Thucydides states, â€Å"In the confusion into which life was now thrown in the cities, human nature, always rebelling against the law†¦ (3.84).† He is saying that it is human nature to be resentful toward superiority (the law), whenever there is a breakdown of civilized life. This proves true when the plague breaks out in Athens. The people of Athens reject Pericles, and after his death the new politicians grew envious of each other, and jealous of Pericles accomplishments. The Athenians also stopped caring for the sick for the fear of getting the plague themselves. Other events, such as the killing of the Melians are also linked to the plague. This massacre showed how human response in a desperate time has ‘no respect for justice’. They acted recklessly, and did not gain anything by doing this. Thucydides makes it clear that in times of distress humans become very selfish and forfeit their morality and religion for revenge, envy, and rebellion. The black plague in the 1300’s proves Thucydides hypothesis true. There was the same selfishness and revolt against superiority in Europe as there was in Athens. The Cold War is very comparable to the Peloponnesian War. The United States and Russia were both superpowers, both wanting to be on top and both had two different ways of life. However, no war broke out. This shows how we, as humans, are learning from the past. Human nature has not necessarily changed, but it is possible that humans have grown with intelligence and reason.... Free Essays on Thucydides- Human Nature Free Essays on Thucydides- Human Nature Thucydides’ history teaches us that human nature does not change, but may be overcome with reason. He proves the statement history is doomed to repeat itself true. He presents his thoughts of human nature throughout his account of the Peloponnesian War, many of which run parallel with other events that happened hundreds of years after his death. Thucydides states, â€Å"In the confusion into which life was now thrown in the cities, human nature, always rebelling against the law†¦ (3.84).† He is saying that it is human nature to be resentful toward superiority (the law), whenever there is a breakdown of civilized life. This proves true when the plague breaks out in Athens. The people of Athens reject Pericles, and after his death the new politicians grew envious of each other, and jealous of Pericles accomplishments. The Athenians also stopped caring for the sick for the fear of getting the plague themselves. Other events, such as the killing of the Melians are also linked to the plague. This massacre showed how human response in a desperate time has ‘no respect for justice’. They acted recklessly, and did not gain anything by doing this. Thucydides makes it clear that in times of distress humans become very selfish and forfeit their morality and religion for revenge, envy, and rebellion. The black plague in the 1300’s proves Thucydides hypothesis true. There was the same selfishness and revolt against superiority in Europe as there was in Athens. The Cold War is very comparable to the Peloponnesian War. The United States and Russia were both superpowers, both wanting to be on top and both had two different ways of life. However, no war broke out. This shows how we, as humans, are learning from the past. Human nature has not necessarily changed, but it is possible that humans have grown with intelligence and reason....

Analyze Henrik Ibsen's(1879) and Susan Glaspell's(1916) treatment of Essay

Analyze Henrik Ibsen's(1879) and Susan Glaspell's(1916) treatment of relationships and roles in the time period plays were written - Essay Example When the play "A Doll's House" was performed for the first time in Copenhagen in 1879, it revoked severe criticism from the society as it was against the society's values and attacked men's dominance over women (Templeton 142). Similarly, the play "Trifles" by Susan Glaspell was written, at the time when, like other educated women at this time, Glaspell "grew restless with the numerous restrictions on women and became inspired by the avant-garde social, political, and cultural movements happening in the United States and Europe" (McMichael, et al. 1108). At the time when "A Doll's House" was written by Henrick Ibsen, the role of women was limited to bringing up children, supporting their husbands and keeping their house clean and comfortable. Society disliked women who wanted to step out for their authority and freedom. Politics, decision making and work was left for men and they had authority over women because women had little role in business, politics or social activities. In this setup; freedom, liberty and equality of women were regarded as a bad thing which the society frowned upon. Ibsen's portrayal of the society emphasizes how middle-class life is limiting, brutal, and unforgiving. He cleverly exposed these hypocritical norms and faults of society and suggested the outcomes of this suppression of womenfolk which compelled Nora to secede from the society's values and decided to leave her husband and children just to live a life of her own: "There is another task I must undertake first. I must try and educate myself--you are not the man to help me in that. I must do that for myself. And that is why I am going to leave you now (Act III). This clearly indicates the relationship between husband and wife. In this play, the relationship and role of characters are characterized by the desire of dominance and authority. In the first act, we see Torvald trying to dominate over Nora by dictating her not to be extravagant and spendthrift. Then we come across ill fate of Nora when her husband is nearly on death bed and needs to be taken to Italy for treatment. Nora's compulsion is exploited by Nils Krogstad who extracts a bond from her, which later in the play, he uses for threatening her and ultimately ruins her whole life. The role of Nils Krogstad demonstrates hypostatical values of society and a lust for power with mala fide intention. His relationship with Nora exposes faults of society and the law which have nothing to do with humanistic aspect of Nora's sufferings and to save her husband's life. The best presentation of the relationships and roles is given by Henrick in the last act of "A Doll's House" when we find Nora in dejected situation with Torvald. Nora tells her husband that h er husband and father were alike in that both of them used her to amuse and play with her and never thought of herself in context of her own imaginations and desires. In "Trifles" we find women struggling for their identification being unduly treated by their husbands. Minnie is sick of her husband and comes up to the point to strangle him just because he had strangled the Canary. This story begins with Martha leaving her home and accompanying Mrs. Peters to the Wright farm. There they find Minnie strangled her husband. The sympathetic women tried to discover the reason

Screening Asia ( commenting asian movie ) Essay

Screening Asia ( commenting asian movie ) - Essay Example China produces movies with a collective bent while Taiwan produces individualistic movies. Additionally, the movies produced by China have a big scope, but are not as outward as those produced by Taiwan. 2. What is a Brief History of Taiwanese Nationalism and Film? Taiwanese Nationalism is an important aspect, as the Taiwanese nationalism has been highly diverse. This is because different colonialists colonized Taiwan. Before democratization, the Kuomintang considered Taiwan to be part of China that would be joined with the mainland. Therefore, the expression of Taiwanese nationalism was highly discouraged. The colonizers in Taiwan allowed the production of movies; however, they put great restrictions on it. Only movies in Mandarin Chinese languages were allowed. Additionally, the Kuomintang produced movies that portrayed the behavior of an ideal citizen. Overall, early film in Taiwan was a way communicating political ideas. However, after democratization, Taiwanese films started to address historical and cultural issues, thus ushering in the â€Å"new cinema.† Here most movies addressed important aspects such as Taiwanese identity and Taiwanese political history. 3. What is your favorite time of the Taiwan film? Why? My favorite time of the Taiwan film is the â€Å"New Cinema.† This was a period when the Taiwanese had the freedom of developing their films without any influence from colonizers. Initially, the different colonizers of Taiwan were restrictive to movie production in Taiwan. Nonetheless, with the â€Å"new cinema† period, the Taiwanese got back their right of expression, thus produced movies that explored various topics in society. 4. Do you think that Taiwanese films are being heavily influenced by foreign culture? I feel that Taiwanese films are not being influenced by foreign cultures. In the past, foreign cultures influenced Taiwan movies, but this is not the case today. This was the case in the past, as Taiwan was colonized by different foreign countries, which imposed their cultures on Taiwan, including Taiwan’s film production. 5. Why do you guys think the Taiwan’s cinema producer  have to include Japanese girl character on the movie? Why not leave alone the Taiwan character? any opinion? The Taiwan film producers feature a Japanese girl character on the movie, probably because Japan as a country had a great influence on Taiwan. Including Taiwan’s film. Japan colonized Taiwan for a long time, beginning 1895 to1945. During this time, Japan had imposed its culture on the Taiwanese, who were naturalized to become Japanese. These therefore, were expected to dress like Japanese, eat Japanese food, speak Japan, engage in Japanese religious rites, and use Japanese names, among others. Therefore, maybe this great influence of the Japanese culture on the Taiwanese culture had a great impact. The Japanese also had an influence on Taiwanese film production, as these produced documentarie s and feature films that were mainly political in nature. Therefore, I consider that the influence of Japan on Taiwan is still felt through the Taiwanese films today. Korea 1. How was your first impression on Korean films?  Have you been consider that Korean public films are ‘too commercial’, or inartistic?  If so, what is the rationale behind your notion? I consider Korean films to be of low quality, as compared to those produced in the USA. This is

Personal Life and Sports Essay Example for Free

Personal Life and Sports Essay Sport plays a huge role in our everyday life. Whether it’s physically, mentally or spiritually, sports have a big impact on anyone’s life, especially, to the average sport fan. Participating in team sports helps develop good character, it inspires us to pursue a healthy lifestyle and lastly It is proven that by having a regular social network through sports it will make you live longer. I believe that by being a dedicated sports fan you can live a healthier and longer life. Being involved in sports helps develop good character becuase sports involve team work, gaining of social experiences and helps relieve stress. Working toward a common goal is an integral part of the sports experience for athletes. It is through this experience that some grow into leaders and others into strong supporters, both of which a team will need to be successful. Finding their role on a team is a similar experience to finding your meaning in life, a definite life experience for participants. Team sports such as basketball, football and soccer underscore the necessity of working together to achieve your goals. Players learn firsthand how to achieve success through hard work, perseverance and consistency. Teamwork is a very versatile character trait. It can be used in many parts of life, from sports to the workplace. They teach you not only how to lead, but how to take directions from someone else. It also means that one is constantly learning to work well with others and develop respect for each others unique talents. The next advantage of being a sports fan is that it inspires one to purse a healthy lifestyle. Sports require athletes to be in a perfect condition. The people may not be good looking but they have amazing bodies that any of us would kill for. As a possible example, imagine that there is a car which has not worked for years. If you try to run the motor engine, it will not work anymore since it has been rusted and its engine may be broken down. As a result, people is smillar to engines and motors. If we don’t do sports, we will be forced to rust, in other words, decomposition of our body; afterwards, we may have some minor problems with our body when we even need to small walk. We must practice a consistant healthy lifestyle to continue to be and feel the best of our ability. In addition, sports balance our body’s blood pressure and circulation. According to many researchs which have been done by scientists, we can prove the importance of sports for our health because 70% middle aged people who did not do sports in their youth are now struggling with the problems such as high tension, trouble with blood circulation, easily become tired due to the lack of sports. Even people who are just watching a game burn calories! If your at a live game you have to walk all those steps just to get to your seat. If your relaxing at home watching the game and jump up excited becuase your team makes a touch down, that helps you burn calories too! Lastly but not least, one great benefit for being a sports fan is that it is proven that it will help increase the length of your life! Research shows that by maintaing a strong social network with friends who have similar interests that it improves your chance of living longer by about 50%. It doubles your odds of surviving cancer and wards off colds, according to a Brigham Young University study. An easy example of practicing this social expierence is by gathering friends over at your house for monday night football, even if your team looses you still have that social expierence with your friends. Participating in sports gives athletes the ability to develop tight and lasting friendships with others who have common interests. This is a valuable experience that usually leaves them with lasting life long memories In conclusion Participating in team sports helps develop good character, it inspires us to pursue a healthy lifestyle and lastly It is proven that by having a regular social network through sports it will make you live longer. I believe that by being a dedicated sports fan you can live a healthier and longer life. These are just a couple of many great benefits that you can achieve by being a sports fan. Sports are fun where most people find the common ground to become united and enjoy a great game!

Declaration of Independence Essay -- U.S. History

Children’s voice shouting in parades, spinning noise-makers, giant flags of red, white, and blue waving in every corner of the street, fireworks light up the night sky, friends and family gathering around with big smile on their faces; it is not somebody’s birthday nor it is an ordinary day. It is a true festival, a country’s birthday. The Fourth of July marks the anniversary of the glorious day in 1776 when America, as a new nation declared to the world its independence from monarchs. Because of the importance of this day, thus, the Declaration of Independence can be considered as one of the most influential documents in American History. Not only that, other organizations and countries have also adopted its manner and tones for their own documents or declarations, such as â€Å"Declaration of the Rights of Man† from France or the â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† from the Women’s Right movement. After the Congress ratified the text on July Fourth, the Declaration of Independence had been issued in several forms. It was originally published as a printed broadside that was generally distributed and read to the public. Nevertheless, although the wording was approved on the Fourth of July, most historians have concluded that â€Å"it was signed almost a month later after its adoption, not on July Fourth as is commonly believed† . The Declaration not only justified the independence of the United States of America by listing colonial complaints against King George III, but it also asserted certain and legal rights, including the right of evolution. Nonetheless, after the American Revolution, the original purpose of the text was ignored. Since then, the Declaration of Independence can only be viewed as a major statement on human rights. Yet, the ques... ...lic (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 123–24 John H. Hazelton, The Declaration of independence: its history (New York, Dodd, Mead and Company, 1906), 13 George William Frederick, His Majesty's most gracious speech to both Houses of Parliament, on Friday, October 27 [i.e. Thursday, October 26], 1775 (Philadelphia, Printed by Hall and Sellers, 1776) Jack N. Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretative History of the Continental Congress (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), 89 Herbert Friedenwald, The Declaration of Independence: an interpretation and an analysis (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1904), 67 Pauline Maier, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1998), 41 Brian Boyd, Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition and Fiction (Massachusetts, Belknap of Harvard UP, 2010), 21 Declaration of Independence Essay -- U.S. History Children’s voice shouting in parades, spinning noise-makers, giant flags of red, white, and blue waving in every corner of the street, fireworks light up the night sky, friends and family gathering around with big smile on their faces; it is not somebody’s birthday nor it is an ordinary day. It is a true festival, a country’s birthday. The Fourth of July marks the anniversary of the glorious day in 1776 when America, as a new nation declared to the world its independence from monarchs. Because of the importance of this day, thus, the Declaration of Independence can be considered as one of the most influential documents in American History. Not only that, other organizations and countries have also adopted its manner and tones for their own documents or declarations, such as â€Å"Declaration of the Rights of Man† from France or the â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† from the Women’s Right movement. After the Congress ratified the text on July Fourth, the Declaration of Independence had been issued in several forms. It was originally published as a printed broadside that was generally distributed and read to the public. Nevertheless, although the wording was approved on the Fourth of July, most historians have concluded that â€Å"it was signed almost a month later after its adoption, not on July Fourth as is commonly believed† . The Declaration not only justified the independence of the United States of America by listing colonial complaints against King George III, but it also asserted certain and legal rights, including the right of evolution. Nonetheless, after the American Revolution, the original purpose of the text was ignored. Since then, the Declaration of Independence can only be viewed as a major statement on human rights. Yet, the ques... ...lic (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 123–24 John H. Hazelton, The Declaration of independence: its history (New York, Dodd, Mead and Company, 1906), 13 George William Frederick, His Majesty's most gracious speech to both Houses of Parliament, on Friday, October 27 [i.e. Thursday, October 26], 1775 (Philadelphia, Printed by Hall and Sellers, 1776) Jack N. Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretative History of the Continental Congress (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), 89 Herbert Friedenwald, The Declaration of Independence: an interpretation and an analysis (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1904), 67 Pauline Maier, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1998), 41 Brian Boyd, Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition and Fiction (Massachusetts, Belknap of Harvard UP, 2010), 21

Dell Supply Chain Management Essay

1. Introduction Companies, nowadays have to face global competition in order to stay in the market. To be competitive, they have to employ new strategies based on new technologies. Supply chain management plays an important role in the success and growth of an organization. Efficient capitalization of supply chain management enables an organization not to bother about competitors in same line. Customer’s needs and demands play a vital role in making and implementing new strategies and reviewing the made ones time and again in order to stay in a market. Innovational steps in carrying out supply chain Management of an organization will help a lot to be competitive and leading in a same type of activities like enabling the organizations to transact online by improving transactions on traditional supply chain management arena to a technologically improved supply chain management. Web equipped supply chain management is an improved shape of technology these days. Dell a renowned follower of web equipped supply chain management technology is becoming famous among customers due to its real time dealing. Dell since 1984 is proving itself a hot cake for the customers all over the world. Disintermediation, just in time and technologically web based supply chain management made this product a real time choice of professionals. This results in competitivity growth, higher profits and more satisfied customers. 2. Literature Review First supply chain management will be viewed in the terms of already made studies and then Dell’s whole online operational process will be discussed including its founder, history, background, online process, supply chain management, benefits from online processing like just in time technique and its benefits towards human beings. A supply chain is a mixture of all participants involved, directly or indirectly, for providing convenience to customer request (Chopra and Meindl, 2003). We can say that a supply chain involves all organizational components that merge themselves to extract and furnished a complete package for the final customer. Supply chains can manage their structure differently in size, complexity and comprehension of relations between the participants of their carriage mean the operators and the location. In this sense supply chain has two main shapes: spontaneous or direct, in which only one supplier and one member of a party involved. Extendedly it works beyon d a supplier and a customer involving supplier’s supplier and a customer’s customer. Second the normal or general the supply chains have different appearances responding to the demand and thus involve systematically flowed information, gadgets i.e. products and resources between different stages (Lee, 2000). Supply chain management continues its journey with a motive to handle the appropriate needs and demands in the appropriate volume at the appropriate competitive cost (Cutting-Decelle et al., 2006), a situation that would respond highest level of services for the customer and highest reputed performance for the organizations. This proclaims that supply chain management considers the optimal appropriate management of operations between and among participants of the supply chain for the purpose of optimal profitability through the supply chain management’s operations.(Chopra and Meindl, 2003). Mentzer et al. (2001) suggested that Some researchers view supply chain management as a management interaction with structure approach, strategically oriented and custo mer oriented as its key focus, others used it in a sense to elaborate the group the systematic steps to disciplinal implementation of management concepts with integrated tendencies, commonly information sharing, risks and rewards, mutual understanding and collaboration of hardcore activities. Then the third step is a group of management activities (Chopra and Meindl, 2003). In this activity the researcher will follow the third term because it coordinates the others. Fugate and Mentzer (2004) described that the Dell’s phenomenal agenda related its supply chain is â€Å"the right mergence of activities and people elements† (Refer Table 2.1). This is clear from Michael Dell’s sense that â€Å"our research and development (R&D) keenly interested in activities and quality betterment in manufacturing† and that â€Å"one of our biggest challenges is finding managers who can share and respond to rapid changes† (Magretta, 1998). Michael Dell became the father of Dell in 1984, in spite that he was a student at the University of Texas in Austin. Initially the Michael Dell adopted the direct sales model. During this era the computers were sold over the phone and parts were joined according to the customer’s demands and specifications (Kramer et al., 2000). Retail channel was also introduced during the 1990 to 1994 and Dell again returned to direct model and furnished the Dell rapidly in the mid 1990s, In 1999 this made him the number one PC seller in the US and number two in the whole world (Kramer et al., 2000). Dell’s success was incredible because he made the Dell conceit. It became a big company of approximately 35,000 employees and over 25.000 million dollars’ sales in 2000 (Koehn, 2001), thus competing big rivals such as IBM and HP. By 2008, Dell had attained annual revenues of $61 billion and net income of $2.9 billion (Dell, 2009). Dell has decided to enter into new regions and to expand its product line i.e. Servers, workstations, printers, flat-screen TVs and digital cameras. Due to these certain reasons Dell changed its name in 2003 from â€Å"Dell Computer Corporation† into â€Å"Dell Inc.†, to â€Å"reflect the evolution and growth of the company from a computer manufacturer to a company that operates a wide variety of technology-related services† (Rivkin and Giorgi, 2004). The core ingredients of Dell’s business structure are its direct sales model, usually named as â€Å"direct model†, and the build-to-order mean just in time str ategy. Dell has operational facilities in Austin, Limerick, Ireland, and Penang, Malaysia. To make sure the uninterrupted flow of production supplies into these facilities, Dell has developed a two-ended strategy that follows different sourcing arrangements and supply schedules for custom and system parts. According to a recently published report by research firm IDC (Appendix 1), Dell’s hard competitors in its vital corporate PC market are IBM and HP. It faces competition from fellow direct vendor Gateway HP and Apple in the consumer and small business market. In the portable PC business, the key competitors are Toshiba, Lenovo, and HP. In the critical server and Internet infrastructure markets, Dell competes with Sun Microsystems, HP, and IBM. In Internet hosting, it faces competitors like Exodus and Corio, some of whom may also be Dell customers. Outside the United States of America (USA), Dell competes with regional and local vendors in many markets, such as NEC, Fujitsu, and Toshiba in Japan, Fujitsu-Siemens and Acer in European, and Lenovo in China. It also faces hard competition from HP and Acer in Latin America and the Asia-Pacific region. Dell now has 13.7 percent of the world market, down from 14.6 percent for the same period a year ago. Kraemer and Dedrick (2001) claimed that the superior supply chain is driven by Information Technology (IT), e-commerce and virtual corporation. Online selling strategies are backed by online support and Infrastructure. According to Kraemer and Dedrick (2001), the mandatory principles for Dell’s business process are Build-to-order i.e. just in time, direct sales, customization, quality, quantity and periodical made changes. 3. Supply Chain Management Supply chain management is the systematic, strategic collaboration and coordination of the business functions that requires flow of materials, final goods and interrelated information among suppliers, company, retailers and ultimate consumers. The supply chain system must be rejoinder of customer specifications. Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP) defines the supply chain management as it comprises the planning and management of all jointly held activities involved in sourcing, procurement, conversion, and logistics management. It also shows respect for the core elements and components of coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which are suppliers, intermediaries, service providers i.e. third party, and customers. Managing a supply chain is ‘supply chain management. A supply chain is a set of organizations directly linked by one or more of the upstream and downstream flows of products, processes, services, finances, information and operational model from a specific source to a customer. 4. Components of Supply Chain Management The under explained are five basic components of supply chain management. * Plan— This is strategically oriented phase of supply chain management. Organizations require a strategy for managing all the resources which are needed toward satisfying customer need and demand for their product or service. A big piece of supply chain management planning is developing a set of techniques to monitor the supply chain so that it is efficient, costs less and delivers high quality and value to customers. * Source— secondly companies have to choose suppliers after an in-depth evaluation to deliver the goods and services they need to manufacture their product. So, supply chain managers must develop a set of pricing, delivery and payment integrations with suppliers. * Make— This is the manufacturing and operational phase. Supply chain managers schedule the activities compulsory for production, assembly, testing, packaging and preparation for delivery. * Deliver— This is the part that many supply chain management examiners see it as logistics in which companies make sure to coordinate the receipt of orders from customers, develop a network of warehouses, and intelligently considers carriers to get products to customers and to set up an invoicing system to receive payments. * Return— This can be a head aching part of the supply chain for many companies. Supply chain planners have to create a responsive and flexible enough network for receiving defective and excess products back into their hunt from their customers. 5. Process approach in Business through SCM According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), in many companies management has reached the conclusion that optimal product flows cannot be managed completely without implementing a process approach to the business. The core supply chain processes stated by Lambert and Cooper (2004) are: * Customer service management * Procurement * Product development and commercialization * Manufacturing flow management/support * Physical distribution * Outsourcing/partnerships * Performance measurement * Warehousing management * Customer service management process The Customer Relationship Management totally explains the coordination and the relationship between the organization and its customers. Customer service is the only authentic source of customer information. It also provides the customer with real-time information on scheduling and product availability with the company’s production and distribution operations. Successful organizations follow the following steps to determine customer relationships: * Mutually backed goals for organization and customers * establish and maintain customer rapport * produce and prevail positive satisfactory feelings in the organization and the customers * b) Procurement process Strategic plans are planned in accordance with suppliers to support the manufacturing phase and the development of new products. The desired outcome is a mutual win-win relationship where both sides benefit, and a reduction in time span for the design circle and product development. The purchasing advancements developed a truly rapid communication system, such as electronic data interchange (EDI) and Internet linkage to transmit possible requirements. Obtaining products and materials from outside suppliers involve a number of activities like resource planning, supply sourcing, negotiation, order placement, inbound transportation, storage, handling and quality assurance, many of which include the responsibility to coordinate with suppliers on matters of scheduling, supply continuity and research into new sources or programs. * c) Product development and commercialization In recent days as product life cycles shorten, the quality products must be developed and successfully launched with ever shorter time-schedules to remain competitive. According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), managers of the product development and commercialization process must have to: * interrelate with customer relationship management to identify the actual customization * Arrange materials and suppliers appropriately with procurement. * d) Manufacturing flow management process Manufacturing processes have to be responsive to daily based occurring market changes and must address mass customization. Orders are processes operating on a just-in-time (JIT) basis. Activities like planning the essentionals, scheduling and supporting manufacturing operations which controls an array of activities like work-in-process storage, handling, transportation, and time phasing of components, inventory at manufacturing sites and maximum flexibility in the coordination of geographic and final assemblies of physical distribution operations are carried out in this process. * e) Physical distribution The customer is the final destination of a marketing channel in this phase. This phase requires the availability of the product/service of each channel stakeholder’s marketing tiredness. Due to the physical distribution process the time and space of customer service become a vital part of marketing, so it coordinates a marketing channel with its customers (e.g. manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers). * f) Outsourcing This is not just about outsourcing the strategic planning of materials and components, but also outsourcing of services. The reason behind this tendency is that the company will surely shift its focus on those activities in the value chain where it has a distinctive competitive advantage i.e. expertise, and will outsource everything else. This movement has been particularly evident in logistics where the provision of transport, warehousing and inventory control is increasingly subcontracted to specialists which are named as logistics partners. * g) Performance measurement Competences taken from supplier capabilities and diagnosing a long-term supply chain commitment with a tacklance of customer relationships can both be interrelated with organizational performance. A.T. Kearney Consultants (1985) noted that firms engaging in comprehensive performance measurement realized improvements in overall productivity. Internal measures are generally collected and analyzed by the firm itself including; * Cost * Customer Service * Productivity measures * Asset measurement * Quality. External performance measurement is examined through customer shifts and benchmarking. * h) Warehousing management Warehousing management as an important source of reducing company cost & expenses is carrying the valuable role in company’s success. Storing and office with all facilities, reducing manpower cost, dispatching authority with on time delivery, loading & unloading facilities with proper area, area for service station, stock management system etc. 6. Dell Computers Dell Computer Corporation founded in 1984, headquartered in Austin, Texas. Dell is now reputed as one of the world’s most preferred computer system icons and a provider of products and services that customers globally need to set up their information-technology and Internet infrastructures conveniently as Dell always favors the customization. Dell is only the owner of the market leadership ladder because it has a strong and persistent focus on delivering the best possible customer requirements. Direct online selling from manufacturer to consumer is a vital element of its strategy. The company was incorporated on a basic idea that Dell is at its best to efficiently understand consumer needs and to provide the most effective and suitable customized computing solutions. This online business model eliminated retailers because all the computer related dealing is totally made through internet and phones. This activity saved time and cost because each and every system was made regarding the made order, offering customers powerful, richly configured systems at competitive prices. With the passage of time Dell introduced the latest technology much more quickly than competitors with slow-moving and turning over inventory an average of every four days. Now Dell has become the number-one retailer of personal computers, outselling IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and Compaq. 7. Direct to Customer Model Dell Computer’s strength is its unique direct to customer model. Through the implementation of model, the company outsourced all the components but it still performs the assembly. In this process the Dell eliminated retailers and directly delivered the computers from its assembly to end customers. This activity enabled Dell Cost leadership holder among the players in the arena. By eliminating the retailers, consumers were buying from Dell without the extra payment to retailers. Another Dell’s strength is its better access to technology compared to its competitors. Dell introduces the latest technology much more quickly than companies with slow-moving indirect distribution channels. Currently Dell’s initiatives include moving even greater volumes of product sales, service and support to the Internet, using the Internet to improve the efficiency of Dell’s procurement, manufacturing and distribution process and further expanding an already broad range of valu e-added services. 8. Dell’s value chain The value chain of a company is its entire product flow from the suppliers to the customers and managing the information flow in such a way that the customer receives maximum satisfaction while the company maximizes its profits. Dell Computer’s value chain is quite different because company sources all its components from vendors across the world and it undertakes the final assembly and sells it directly to the consumer. Dell’s direct model of selling and build-to-order supply chain i.e. just in time strategy have been the core at its policies and practical that have enabled it to gain competitive advantage in the computer industry. The value chain makes sure that all aspects are coordinated into attaining the firm’s stated goals. Dell makes sure that it monitors the value of its initiatives. Dell makes use of online value chain system. Such system helps the company control and coordinate business processes. It provides the company with a system with faster capabilities and lower cost and it eliminates the unnecessary steps which do not contribute the value chain and this also helps the Dell to make a decision regarding its employs’ promotion or demotion. 9. Dell’s Supply Chain Management Supply chain is an integral part of any business because through it raw material is systematically transformed into finished goods; these products are then sold to consumers for the company to have profit. In Supply chain management having a record of supplies is a valuable activity. Having a secured record of supplies gives a company benefits such as efficient list of supplies. Here products are received from a company’s suppliers and they are stored until they are needed on the assembly line of Dell then goods are moved around the organization. Dell relies mostly on its highly reliable supplier, where Dell formulates its operation and relies on its computer monitor supplier to ship directly to the customer. As long as its supplier retains its leadership position, Dell would collaboratively work with it to achieve mutual success. Dell’s Process This process starts when Dell receives an order for a PC, it faxes or phones its requirements to suppliers who pick the ordered parts and pack them in reusable bins with cards attached. Trucks on a continuous connection between suppliers and Dell, known as a â€Å"milk run† deliver the sorted parts to the computer maker’s plant for final assembly. This process frees Dell from having to manage inventories and the costs associated with stock. Dell has made efforts to ensure that suppliers don’t get stuck with much inventory. The computer maker allows suppliers to participate in a â€Å"revolver program,† where they can sell parts stored at the warehouse to other customers than Dell. Dell’s supply chain competency comprises of four qualities which includes demand management, internal collaboration, leveraging partners, and financial fundamentals. Dell’s direct model enables the company to fully hold at demand management. The process of selling d irectly to customers and building product to order creates opportunities for true real-time collaboration between manufacturing and sales. Being in direct contact with the market, Dell can quickly see changes in customer demand. This allows Dell to respond more quickly to customer demand than its competitors can and this true demand management allows for highly accurate forecasts. Second integral aspect of Dell’s success is its ability to collaborate internally. This competency flourishes in a culture which values information sharing and empowers all employees. At Dell, â€Å"direct† refers not only to how the company sells but also to how team members communicate and attack issues to solve. Dell leverages its partners by linking suppliers’ planning and execution activities with Dell’s systems. The company uses information technology to gather and share a constant stream of data on supply and demand trends. Finally and lastly Dell’s entire supply chain is focused on fundamental business performance. Operating margin and not just profits or growth rate is the number that Dell cares about most to ensure long-term profitability. Dell thought differently because when Dell introduced the direct model at the same time its competitors were selling computers to end consumers via distributors. Dell sells directly to consumers and is continuously communicating with them and benefiting. Dell capitalizes the opportunities whenever they arise like seeing sales trends and learning about unmet customer needs. The company also relies on customers’ knowledge of what they want to purchase and when they want to complete the transaction to drive the direct business model i.e. totally customized. The Dell supply chain management system handles a number of transactions and pieces of information, and includes multiple core components necessary to keep operations running smoothly. Some very important components are as follow: †¢ Configuration management; This component manages approximately over 1 million Dell part numbers every year with tackling approximately 200 product families, and over 2 million bills of materials (BOMs) every year. BOMs listing component part numbers are created for manufacturing facilities to build assemblies and subassemblies for Dell products. †¢ Procurement; The procurement component manages approximately 1.8 million purchase order lines every year from more than 5,000 suppliers worldwide. To smoothly process the procurement phase, Dell uses an automated application activity that includes workflow approvals and vendor communication and also enables services such as defective part replacement. †¢ Cost; This element runs smoothly to calculate the costs to Dell for all BOMs. The specific activity runs weekly, monthly, and quarterly, with each job aggregating total material costs. †¢ Inventory; The inventory component manages more than 3 million inventory movements daily from stock rooms to factory floors across all Dell sites. Dell also manages corresponding over 3 million messages transmitted to different systems for reporting, analysis, and factory scheduling. †¢ Accounts payable; this specific measure handles approximately 15,000 items per day which includes payments to Dell suppliers, invoices, and receipts. This component contains some important information under certain categories like vendor information section includes vendor ID number, location, negotiated terms, and contact 9. Significance and Advantages of supply chain management with a glance on disintermediation and Just in Time Explanation Dell’s supply chain consists of only three stages and these stages are the suppliers, the manufacturer (Dell), and the end users. The company’s direct contact with customers allows them to properly identify target markets demands, analyze the target requirements and profitability of each assignment and develop more accurate demand forecasts. Dell matches supply and demand because its customers order computer configurations over the phone or online. These computer systems are built from components that are available in suppliers’ jacket. Dell’s strategy is to provide customized, low cost, and quality computers that are delivered as on ordered time. Dell managed and implemented this strategy through its efficient manufacturing operations, better supply chain management and direct sales model. Dell reduces the cost of intermediaries of distribution channels that would otherwise add up to the total cost of PC for the customer by taking orders directly from the customers. This strategy also saves time on processing orders that other companies normally suffer in their sales and distribution syste m. By directly dealing with the customers Dell gets a clearer indication of market trends and relishes. This helps Dell to plan for the future and forecast properly besides better managing its supply chain. Another integral advantage Dell holds by directly dealing with the customer is that it enables itself to get the customer’s requirements regarding the software to be loaded. The elimination of a PC support engineer to load software, the customers gain both in time and cost. Dell computers have perceived 100% performance in performing a number of important activities which includes on-time delivery, and fill rate. Dell’s supply chain management most efficient trends include increasingly powerful private trading networks, increased transparency in measuring and monitoring the value chain performance, and outsourcing of non-core activities. Cost management techniques with taking practical performance improvement initiatives Dell have revolutionized the entire supply chain management process. Dell uses different software to follow and track its entire activities like Dell uses i2 Technologies software to track its supply chain activities. Dell monitors its supply chain time and again and this activity enables the Dell to make immediate changes (within hours) to respond the fluctuations in consumer demand. The software also alerts Dell to any supply shortages and Dell rapidly communicates order information including automatic replenishment requests to its suppliers through the internet. The company also uses the Web to interact with suppliers this interaction enables the suppliers to be up to date with its volume expectations and long-term planning data. Master production schedule updated after every two hours. Dell’s mass customization program enables 100,000 different computer configurations, 455 annual work-in-process turns, 52 annual inventory turns and a zero finished goods inventory. Dell Computer Corporation successfully uses a build-to-order(just in time) manufacturing program to hold down its inventory to only a five-day supply while shipping 95 percent of customer orders within eight hours. This strategy gives Dell an important competitive advantage as a low-cost producer. Dell can reap the benefits of lower material costs almost immediately and reflect that benefit in its consumer product prices. The Just-In-Time organization has a distinctive culture that gives it a competitive advantage which clarifies its standings among competitors. When big things change in its environment, Dell adapts successfully. People in the Just-In-Time organization are typically motivated more by values and pride in their company. The Coherence Index specifically measures the coherence or consistency of your organization’s strategy. Most Just-In-Time organizations will score moderately high in this area. Coherent companies have a clear set of capabilities that are in line with their strategy and that they use over and over again in their operations. The following are common patterns of behavior in just-in-time organizations. Just-in-time organizations often are often headed by a strong sense of mission. They want to chart new territory, inspire change, and make a big difference. Just-in-time organizations follow two different strategies. first the adventure-seeking and the more cautious professional managers. Adventure-seekers regard the unstructured environment and strained resources of the organization with a certain fondness. Second managers keep the joint running. What they lack in pure passion, they make up for in discipline and managerial skills. They are the more stable and reliable sorts. A great sense of urgency exists in the just-in-time organization. Everything is â€Å"life or death,† and the immediate emergency inevitably takes higher priority over so-called road building for the future. Every day brings fresh fires that need to be put out, and that’s where everyone directs their attention, even though yesterday’s still-smoldering ashes are not yet extinguished. 1 0. Cost effective and consumer friendly SCM of Dell A time when Dell was an infant its IT group ran its supply chain management database applications on large, expensive, proprietary servers based on the UNIX ® OS. As the company grew, servers lacking the necessary capacity had to be replaced with even larger, more powerful servers. The increased performance of industry-standard Dell PowerEdge servers has enabled Dell IT to create cost-effective, highly scalable systems using Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) 10g. By sharing a large database across multiple PowerEdge servers, Dell IT can easily deploy additional low-cost servers when necessary to handle increased workloads rather than buying additional large, expensive, proprietary UNIX-based servers. Supply chain management is essential to Dell operations around the world, with both factory operations and internal systems dependent on supply chain management systems to provide real-time information about key business functions. Running these systems on Oracle RAC 10g clusters of industry standard Dell PowerEdge servers enables Dell IT to scale them efficiently and cost-effectively to handle increased workloads. By moving the systems to Dell servers when it did, Dell IT avoided significant additional expenditures for proprietary UNIX-based servers, enhanced performance, and provided a clear path for future growth. 11. Conclusion and recommendation The rapid development of Worldwide Web (WWW) technologies, Internet, and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have generated the evolutionary online business solution and electronic-commerce (ecommerce) both of which are to provide support for both information and workflow control, and process management as well as enhance the communication. E-commerce technologies are perceived as a mainstream to improve productivity and information flow and communications which all have to process through a systematic phase of supply chain management. Technology based SCM allows the creation of extra value for the customer and have the goal to satisfy the client requirements in the best possible way and in real time. Migration to a technological based approach for SCM applications is required for streamlining Supply Chain activities, maintaining a consistent quality of service and controlled distribution of the data which otherwise cannot be achieved. A technological based supply chain management must have the components like ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) system which forms groups of business software functions like production, purchasing, CRM. These applications have to be interconnected so that to provide complete reports on customers, demand, suppliers, supply, finance, manufacturing, delivery, etc. 12. Reference Fugate, B.S. and Mentzer, J.T. (2004) ‘Dell’s supply chain DNA.’ Supply Chain Management Review, Vol.8, No.7, p.20-24 Chopra, S. and Meindl, P. (2003) Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning and Operation. 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